MCM 301 COMMUNICATION SKILLS ASSIGNMENT NO 2 SPRING-2017

COMMUNICATION SKILLS (MCM-301)

Assignment No 2

Q No.1            Considering the chronological pattern of writing body of speech, write three paragraphs on the topic “History of Multan” (Marks: 12)

SOLUTION:

EARLY HISTORY OF MULTAN AND EARLY MUSLIM EARA:

Multan is an ancient city in South Asia, though the actual age of oldness has so far to be recognized. This city is situated in the Punjab region of Pakistan. Its current name originates from its antique Sanskrit name Mūlasthān. Multan has faced a lot of conflict due to its locality on a main influx way amid South Asia and Central Asia. It is well-known due to its Sufi mausoleums. Multan was administrated by the numerous innate dominions earlier to incursion of Alexander the Great. When Alexander was skirmishing for the city, a contaminated arrow hit him and causes illness that ultimately leading to his demise. The actual location where Alexander was affected by the arrow could be viewed in the olden city locations. It is supposed to be the similar town like "Mai-us-than", where Alexander's militaries captured the fortress after sighting their raja wounded and insensible on the combat field. Throughout the initial history, Multan was recognized as the city of gold for its big and prosperous shrines. The Sun temple, Suraj Mandir, was reflected one of the biggest and flushest temples in the entire sub-continent. Various historians have engraved regarding this tremendously huge Hindu temple which accommodated over 6,000 persons inside this. Additional prominent places comprised the Suraj Kund ("pool of the Sun") and Temple of Prahladapuri. History of Prahlada as of whom the temple acquired its label. As per innate folklores and mythology, Multan was the center of antique Trigarta Kingdom at the period of Mahabharta and governed by Katoch Clan of Kshatriya Rajputs. In the 7th century, Multan had its 1^st entrance of the Muslim militaries. Armed forces controlled by Al Muhallab ibn Abi Suffrah hurled several invasions from Persia into India in 664 aimed at annexation of the region into their territories. Abdool Ruhman Bin Shimur, who was Arab Ameer of distinction, trooped at the point of Merv to Kabul, where he made renovates of uphill of twelve thousand people. At that time, also Mohalib Bin Aby-Suffra, ensuing with disinterestedness from thenceforward, in the way of India, entered as far as Multan: when having ransacked the country, he reverted to the command center of the military at Khorassan, carrying with him numerous hostages, who were constrained to become adapts to the faith. Nonetheless, merely little eras later, Muhammad-bin-Qasim would arise as a representative of the Arabs, and yield Multan alongside with Sindh. His vanquished was escorted by much plundering. He then covered the Biyas, and moved towards Multan. Muhammad Bin Qasim demolished the water-course; upon which the populaces, troubled with thirstiness, give up at will. He exterminated the men adept of bearing arms, but the kids were taken restrained, as well as priests of the temple, to the amount of 6,000. The Muslims found there ample gold in a chamber ten cubits long by eight broad. Subsequently bin Qasim's takeover, the city was steadily beneath Muslim law, though it was in outcome an autonomous government, but nearby the begining of the 11th century, the city was attacked double by Muhammad Ghazni who demolished the Sun Temple and ruined its gigantic Idol. A graphical description is accessible in Al-Biruni’s's literatures:

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ISMAILIS

In the mid of 10th century, Multan had come beneath the effect of the Qarmatiants. The Qarmatians had been ousted from Egypt and Iraq after their downfall at the influences of the Abbaside there. Qarmatians extremists had eminently fired Mecca, and irritated the Muslim biosphere with their stealing and ransom of the Kaaba’s Black Stone, and defilement of the Zamzam Well with cadavers during the Hajj period of 930 CE. They gained control of the city from the pro-Abbasid Amirate of Banu Munabbih, and arranged the Amirate of Multan, and promised fidelity to the Ismaili Fatimid Dynasty founded in Cairo.

Jalam bin Shayban, organized freshly adapted Katara Rajputs as its leaders. Shortly after, Multan was confronted by the Ghaznavids, undermining the Ismaili government. Mahmud of Ghazna attacked Multan in 1005, leading a chain of movements through which certain Ismailis were exterminated whereas maximum far ahead adapted to Sunni Hanfi Fiqah. The town was capitulated, and Abdul Fateh Daud was allowed to maintain mechanism of the city with the situation that he abides by to the Sunni elucidation of Islam. Mehmood selected a Hindu-convert, Nawasa Khan, to govern the city in Mahmoud’s absentia. Subsequently being taking control, Niwasa Khan forsaken Islam, and tried to secure control of the city in consent with Abdul Fateh Daud. Mehmood of Ghazni then headed another excursion to Multan in 1007 C.E.

Mahmood of Ghazni, Muhammad of Ghor, and Muhammad of Ghor first took, in 1178, the Ismaili Multan sultans in northern Sindh, which had recovered freedom from Ghaznavid rule. Muhammad Ghori as a portion of his movements to triumph north India again exterminated them. After Sultan Muhammad Ghori’s triumphs in India, and his formation of a capital in Dehli, Multan was prepared a part of his realm. Though, the upsurge of the Mongols would again provide it certain freedom, although necessitating it to be attentive alongside Mongol invasions from Central Asia. The Qarmatians approached to Multan in the 10th century and were ousted in 1175 by Sultan Muhammad Ghori.

MUGHAL ERA, MARATHA EMPIRE & SIKH ERA

The Mughals commanded the Punjabi constituency from 1524 till nearby 1739. Padshah (ruler) Akbar organized at Multan one of his unique twelve subahs unevenly covering Punjab, adjoining Kabul, Lahore, (Old) Delhi, Ajmer, Thatta (Sindh) subahs, the Persian Safavid empire and shortly Qandahar subah. During the command of Mughal Kingdom, Multan relished over 200 years of harmony, and identified as Dar-ul-Aman. The Khakwani Nawabs of Multan provided it a share of economic strength and development to the indigenous agricultural zone. At this time that Multan was administrated by Nawab Ali Mohammad Khan Khakwani. As governor of Multan, he constructed the well-known Mosque Ali Mohammad Khan in 1757 that remain to this era. Various buildings were built in this period, and agrarian production produced promptly. The Multan city turn into mostly Muslim due to proselytizer Sufi saints whose dargahs point the land of Punjab state. Subsequently the debility of the Mughal Empire, the Multan and Sikh attacked and occupied Multan.

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When Ahmad Shah Durrani's era moved towards deterioration, it was governed far away by the Pastun Khakwani and Sadozai lords. The Sadozais having attained the courtesy of the ruler and having the Khakwani Nawab isolated. This era saw the growth of Sikh influence, who confronted Multan, massacre the Sadozai Nawab, and control the city. The Khakwanis had relocated out of the town and survived in trivial fenced cities nearby central Multan. The Khokhars and Khatri Muslims captured Multan spasmodically in 1756 and 1763 swapping presiding Sadozai associate by Khakwani nawab or his brother, son otherwise son-in-law, this was utmost tempestuous era in history of Multan ensuing government getting paralyzed and welcoming outbreak from misl from Gujranwala. Jhanda Singh and Ganda Singh confronted over in 1764. Nonetheless, efforts to yield the Multan castle unsuccessful and they recoiled after gathering a number of million rupees loot from the monarch Muzaffar Khan Saddozai. The visible outlook of an ancient expatriate building constructed during the period of the British Raj. In the 19th century, the Sikh ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh with his capital at Lahore occupied Multan. Sikh militaries under General Hari Singh Nalwa beat the leader of Multan, Muzaffar Khan Saddozai. The demise of Muzaffar Khan was actually the death of Muslim rule in Multan.

SIEGE OF MULTAN & POST-INDEPENDENCE

The Siege of Multan instigated on 19 April 1848 at what time native Sikhs killed two representatives of the British Raj who were available at the welcome of the new governor of Multan who had been designated through the British East India Company. Revolt overwhelmed the Multan area under the control of Diwan Mulraj Chopra. The British shortly hurled voyages contrary to Mulraj, catching the adjacent city of Dera Ghazi Khan. The British formerly defeated Mulraj's armies at a place 4 miles from Multan on 1 July 1848, and apprehended maximum guns belonging to Mulraj's military. General William S. Whish was ordered in July 1848 to take 7,000 people with him to conquer Multan, where Mulraj had been enfolded. Much of the strength was Sikhs, who defected to Mulraj's armies in October 1848, compelling General Whish to abandon his first try to surmount Multan. The British had arrested parts of Multan city's borders in December 1848. The British had combined a power of 12,000 people to surmount Multan In January 1849. The British had ruptured the ramparts of the Multan Citadel, causing to the give up of Mulraj and his militaries to the British on 22 January 1849. Later a stretched and bleeding combat, Multan become a portion of the British Raj. In the meanwhile, Sardar Karan Narain's son became an symbol throughout the British Raj and was granted labels 'Rai Bahadur' and Knighted 'Sir' by Her Majesty. The British constructed certain rail-roads to the city, but its engineering size was not ever entirely advanced.

The primarily Muslim populace supported Muslim League and Pakistan Drive. Later the freedom of Pakistan in 1947, the minority Hindus and Sikhs travelled to India whereas the Muslim immigrants from India adjusted in the Multan. It primarily lacked commerce, hospitals and universities. Meanwhile, there has been certain industrial evolution, and the city's inhabitants are frequently growing. Currently, it is one of the biggest cities of country as hubs and endures a significant adjustment in the Southern Punjab.

Q No.2            Considering the topic “corruption and its effects on Pakistan”, collect a one paragraph material from each of the following sources and give proper citation. (Marks 08)

·         Newspaper, Journal, Book and Magazine

SOLUTION:

CORRUPTION

As per article of Dawn News published on 13 January, 2016, written by Dr. Niaz Murtaza, FEW issues irk pious Pakistanis more than political corruption. Stories of corruption, even unproven, drive the pious into frenzied rage. Demands for ruthless accountability, even utilizing unconstitutional means if necessary, soon follow, since corruption is viewed as a cancer destroying Pakistan. Corruption is ethically wrong and retards development. However, one must adopt sensible, tried-and-tested rather than voodoo strategies to eradicate it. This involves debunking several myths. According to book named Pakistan Economic & Social Review VOL-48 Page 123 (By Umbreen Javed) Pakistan is unfortunately way down on the ladder on this account. Corruption of all magnitudes mega, moderate and petty permeates all tiers of governance and all segments of the society public, private, political, judicial, commercial and even religions. Paradoxically corruption acts as the balancing market mechanism here in a vastly unregulated administrative paradigm. There exists surreal economic rationale for this give and take at the individual level but economic cost to the society is stupendous. Corruption severely impacts the life of the citizens through less return on resource use and adds manifold to their cost of living. Genesis of corruption in Pakistan can be traced to the mega events of 1940s to 1990s and even the current decade. Serious attempts at accountability originating in mid 1990s and fortified on the turn of the century farcically turned into tools of political patronage or victimization. For the last two years there is a practically a legal vacuum at the national level. A host of measures are needed to eradicate this menace. The awareness in the general public and emergence of a strong civil society, vociferous media and a newly independent judiciary all by themselves stand as a guarantee to the success of any future programmer of accountability.
In Criterion Magazine Quarterly, posted on January, 2016 (By Jamil Nasir), The relationships between corruption and development and corruption and poverty are discussed by highlighting the channels through which corruption negatively impacts development and deepens poverty. After discussing both ‘greasing the wheels hypothesis’ and ‘sanding the wheels hypothesis’, the most commonly used analytical framework i.e.the principal-agent framework is discussed and the point is made that the said analytical framework does not hold in countries like Pakistan where corruption is the rule rather than the exception.  In such countries, corruption should be viewed as a collective action problem. Finally, the paper discusses a number of proposals, especially with reference to Pakistan, for controlling corruption. Most of the proposals discussed here are based on insights from economic literature. A multi-pronged strategy is, however, needed for tackling corruption. The paper concludes that leadership at the top matters as economic policy has got its limitations due to the ever-present incentives for corruption and its underlying assumption that all actions of rational human beings are based on self-interest. According to Journal of Economic Integration VOL-29 December, 2014 (By Muhammad Tariq Majeed) Corruption is disliked for its detrimental effects on economic growth and development. It inhibits the provision of public services, increases inequalities and stifles investments to such an extent that the World Bank has declared it as the single greatest obstacle to economic and social development (World Bank 2001). Control of corruption and the promotion of fairness in the markets are at the core of development strategies. What causes corruption? Why does corruption exist everywhere around the world? Research on the causes of corruption has proliferated in recent years and has identified many factors such as economic, political, cultural, and institutional aspects. While many studies have explored institutional and cultural causes of corruption, a small body of the literature has focused on the nature of corruption in an open economy (Krueger 1974, Ades and Di Tella 1999, Wei 1999, Gatti 2004). These studies report a negative effect of economic openness on corruption.