THEORIES
OF COMMUNICATION (MCM-511)
Assignment
No 2
Q No.1 Discuss the
major assumption of Social Cognitive Theory. Explain four uniquely human
characteristics of Bandura’s theory with the help of examples. (Marks: 15)
SOLUTION:
Social cognitive theory is a hypothetical standpoint
in which learning by determining
the behavior of others is the emphasis of study. The theory is stranded through
various elementary assumptions. One of the assumptions is that individuals can
learn by perceiving the behaviors of others. People can obtain new behaviors
and knowledge through merely observing a model. Theory
is utilized in communication,
psychology and learning clenches that parts of an entity's knowledge procurement
could stand straight concomitant to observing others inside the perspective of social communications,
understandings, and exterior media inspirations. Social cognitive theory of
Albert Bandura is centered on the reconnaissance of representations, whichever
in animate or emblematic arrangement. The three elementary aspects on which
theory depend on are the collaboration within the environment and the
individual, an agreed actions, and interior observant elements. The communication
among three characteristics is acknowledged by means of reciprocal determinism.
In broad-spectrum, an individual observe a model intermingle with the surroundings
and notice the consequence to comprehend in what way one ought to riposte once retained
in a similar condition. The individual need hence pay deep concentration towards
model and ensure respectable cognition abilities to be capable to remember the
events at far along period. Social Cognitive Theory has numerous assumptions
and principles:
§ Humans are social beings who learn by judgment of the conduct
of people and the results (cavalries and penalties) related with that conduct.
§ Judged behaviors which are compensated will be reiterated
§ The individual with being imitated behavior is entitled as
the role model and the procedure of imitation is known as modeling.
§ Learning can seldom happen without any amendment in behavior.
This behavior might happen at a future stage, or it might not ever happen.
§ Cognitive processes perform a significant part in learning. Certain
of these cognitive processes comprise consideration, recall, preparation, inspiration
and anticipations of reinforcement or punishment.
FOUR UNIQUELY HUMAN CHARACTRISTICS OF BANDURA’S THEORY
Social cognitive theory of Bandura accentuates
the significance of these four uniquely human characteristics which are
appended below:-
§ Symbolizing capacity
§ Self-regulatory capacity
§ Self-reflective capacity
§ Vicarious capacities (Bandura, 1994)
Symbolizing Capacity
Humanoid communication is grounded on a structure
of shared meaning acknowledged as language which is created of many symbols. These
symbols happen at more than on intangible level. Alphabetical letters are signs
utilized in manufacturing of word. Words function as symbols to characterize particular
things, views, or philosophies. The ability to comprehend and utilization of
these symbols permits populaces to accumulate and process and transmute perceived
understanding into cognitive models that direct them in imminent actions and conclusions.
Self-Regulatory Capacity
The self-regulatory capacity contains the impressions
of motivation and assessment. Individuals have the aptitude to encourage
themselves to accomplish particular objectives. Peoples predispose to assess their own
behavior and react accordingly for their self-motivation for the purpose of
accomplishment certain objectives. Through this process behavior is self-directed
and self-regulated.
Self-Reflective Capacity
Self-Reflective Capacity encompasses the course
of thought corroboration. This is the aptitude of an individual that how to carry
out a self-check to certify his or her thinking is right. Bandura acknowledged
four diverse self-reflective “modes” utilized in thought corroboration:
§ Enactive Mode
§ Vicarious Mode
§ Persuasive Mode
§ Logical Modes
1. Enactive Mode
An
individual considers the agreement between assumption and the consequences of
actions in enactive mode. Actions of individuals validate his/ her thought and deliver
corroborations.
2. Vicarious Mode
In
vicarious mode Judgments of experience of someone other and the results of
those practices assist to endorse or contradict the authenticity of thoughts.
Instance—let's assume a lady considers that womenfolk are prone to inferiority
complex and the TV comes in the watches Xena and then her opinions regarding feminine
lowliness might be stunned into certain type of reevaluation.
3. Persuasive Mode
A potent ad functions as the great demo of the
persuasive mode, expressly a commercial in which an individual on the thoroughfare
is satisfied to alter product. Notwithstanding the supplementary price, the viewer
may be influenced by the choice of the individual for buying the brand promoted.
4. Logical Mode
It
embroils corroboration by which hitherto assimilated procedures of inference. Perchance
the individual who was influenced to experiment the fresh brand liked it so far
that he finalized to utilize the greater price brand of the other categories of
goods.
Vicarious Capacity
Vicarious Capacity is the skill to gain deprived
of straight experience, highlights the prospective societal effect of mass
media for good or bad. For instance, of affirmative societal effect the
vicarious capacity permits a individual to acquire entire categories of advantageous
things through merely reading of watching a TV show demonstrating these
pro-social actions. Moreover, on the adverse prospective, persons might observer
and seek definite disruptive attitude to which they might not else have been
exposed.
Q
No.2 Do you think that violence
in cartoon programs like Ban-Ten and Tom and
Jerry is increasing aggressive behaviors among children? Discuss in the light
of any such child from your family or surroundings. (Marks: 05)
Jerry is increasing aggressive behaviors among children? Discuss in the light
of any such child from your family or surroundings. (Marks: 05)
SOLUTION:
Regular engagement in
watching the television usually encompasses cartoons, and nowadays, numerous
cartoons such as Ban-Ten and Tom & Jerry etc are platforms of violence and
due to frequent watching of these types of cartoon creating the aggressive
behaviors in the children even in my surrounding most of the kids specially my
nephew Kashif Mehmood is involved to much in watching these type of violent
cartoons. Once I asked him about these cartoons and he was confidently be capable
to tell me lot of thing regarding his favorite cartoon character. He reveals painful
obstinacy as a result of viewing violence in cartoons and instigates to find
himself with characters and start acting like them. Many times I have observed
that some children in my family who are also interested to frequently watch
cartoons on TV have adopted aggressive and ferocious behavior and specially
Kashif has adopted a very antagonistic attitude and always tried to copy the
actions of Tom & Jerry cartoon. He often plays rough and attempt to fight
with same cartoonish mode. His parents are too much worried about his
adaptation of negative attitude due to continues watching of violent cartoon. Moreover,
Several times in my surrounding, children found fighting each other and shout
louder with aggressive manner. Subsequently,
children who are involved in watching too much of violence on TV can is very possibly
to have emotional and behavioral complications.
As a natural we
have the aptitude for motivation, understanding and learning, and owing to this
our thoughts are very easily influenced. As a result, our brains’ growth is a
dynamic combination of nature and nurture. Accordingly it is imperative to select
healthy surroundings for all toddlers. This means cartoons with violence like Ban-Ten
and Tom and Jerry will be harmful for a kid because
in generalized prospective, being collaboration with any atmosphere increases
the growth of the mind. Consequently, a incredible aggregate of infancy engagement
with the electronic media could edge social collaboration and might hinder the growth
of a intellect’s societal roles. According
to researchers claim huge levels of violence in cartoons such as Ban-Ten and
Tom & Jerry could make kids violent. They initiate that animated programs targeted
at adolescents frequently have more violence than show broadcast for common spectators.
Investigators claim kids copy characters just as far as they would with actual performers.
The researchers likewise highlights that children inclined to mimic the adverse
behavior they observe on TV such as rumor, scattering, nattering and eye-rolling.
There are situations where kids take cartoons to a dangerous level. This is critical
as parents occasionally just allow their kids consume time by watching TV as are
busy in routine official activities. While parents tolerate their teenagers to
watch cartoons, they must confirm that these cartoons are suitable and
reasonable to watch. In case parents discover blasphemy or unambiguous language
and scenes in a cartoon, they must not let kids to watch.
